<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<ags:resources xmlns:ags="http://purl.org/agmes/1.1/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:agls="http://www.naa.gov.au/recordkeeping/gov_online/agls/1.2" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
<ags:resource>
					<dc:title><![CDATA[A Research on the Veraciousness of an Act Done under
Hardship]]></dc:title>
					<dc:creator>
					<ags:creatorPersonal><![CDATA[Bahmanpuri, Abdollah]]></ags:creatorPersonal>
<ags:creatorPersonal><![CDATA[Saberi, Hossain]]></ags:creatorPersonal>

			</dc:creator>
			<dc:publisher>
				<ags:publisherName><![CDATA[University of Tehran]]></ags:publisherName>
			</dc:publisher>
			<dc:date><dcterms:dateIssued><![CDATA[2013]]></dcterms:dateIssued></dc:date>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[Harm]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[hardship]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[obligation]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[permissibility]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[veraciousness]]></dc:subject>
			<dc:description>
				<ags:descriptionNotes><![CDATA[Includes references]]></ags:descriptionNotes>
				<dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Among concepts influencing jurist’s verdicts notably areharm and hardship. What is for certain is that doing aharmful act is null and void. However, there is adisagreement among jurists as to veraciousness of an actdone under hardship. Comparing it with harmful acts,some believe in its annulment. Some other arguments arepresented for annulment, but all of them suffer from someproblems. Criticizing proofs of those who believe inannulment of acts done under hardship and treating themas inadequate on the one hand and relying on jurists’argumentations and intellectual confirmation on the other,the present essay intends to prove veraciousness of actsdone under hardship and present criterion in thisconnection.]]></dcterms:abstract>
			</dc:description>
            <dc:identifier scheme="dcterms:URI"><![CDATA[https://jjfil.ut.ac.ir/article_35385_c3848bc140c975ff141f3d623e7ad641.pdf]]></dc:identifier>
			<dc:identifier scheme="ags:DOI"><![CDATA[10.22059/jjfil.2013.35385]]></dc:identifier>
			<dc:type><![CDATA[Journal Article]]></dc:type>
			<dc:format><dcterms:medium><![CDATA[text]]></dcterms:medium></dc:format>
			<dc:language><![CDATA[فارسی]]></dc:language>
			<dc:source><![CDATA[https://jjfil.ut.ac.ir/]]></dc:source>
			<dc:source><![CDATA[Jurisprudence  the Essentials of the Islamic Law]]></dc:source>
		</ags:resource>
<ags:resource>
					<dc:title><![CDATA[Restriction of a General Term by Disaccording
Implicature in Sunni Jurisprudence]]></dc:title>
					<dc:creator>
					<ags:creatorPersonal><![CDATA[Parsa, Farzad]]></ags:creatorPersonal>

			</dc:creator>
			<dc:publisher>
				<ags:publisherName><![CDATA[University of Tehran]]></ags:publisherName>
			</dc:publisher>
			<dc:date><dcterms:dateIssued><![CDATA[2013]]></dcterms:dateIssued></dc:date>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[Terms]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[general]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[Restriction]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[disaccording implicature]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[Sunnis]]></dc:subject>
			<dc:description>
				<ags:descriptionNotes><![CDATA[Includes references]]></ags:descriptionNotes>
				<dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Priority and precedence of the uttered (mantuq) overimplicature (mafhum) is a matter of consensus amongscholars. The very priority has caused a disputeconcerning restriction of a general term by disaccordingimplicature (mafhum al-mukhalif). The dispute isoriginated by weakness of restriction by disaccordingimplicature. Disagreement in this connection is subject toacceptance of authority of disaccording implicature. Thematter of dispute is two sentences of one speaker or somespeakers who are treated as one. Also, the implicatureopposing its own general must be authorized. Similarly,there must not exist a proof which is stronger that thedisaccording implicature and prevents restriction. Majorityhas accepted restriction, arguing that the disaccordingimplicature is treated as the uttered; some of themconsidering that restriction as juristic analogy while othersas lexical. On the contrary is the view of those who havenot accepted that restriction, arguing that the general is theuttered and the uttered is of priority over the implicature.The third group are those who have not preferred either ofthe opinions. In the author’s opinion, however, view of themajority which takes both proofs, i.e., the uttered and theimplicature, into consideration is preferable.]]></dcterms:abstract>
			</dc:description>
            <dc:identifier scheme="dcterms:URI"><![CDATA[https://jjfil.ut.ac.ir/article_35386_5bc8e967c71cba8c0e3337439cad32ec.pdf]]></dc:identifier>
			<dc:identifier scheme="ags:DOI"><![CDATA[10.22059/jjfil.2013.35386]]></dc:identifier>
			<dc:type><![CDATA[Journal Article]]></dc:type>
			<dc:format><dcterms:medium><![CDATA[text]]></dcterms:medium></dc:format>
			<dc:language><![CDATA[فارسی]]></dc:language>
			<dc:source><![CDATA[https://jjfil.ut.ac.ir/]]></dc:source>
			<dc:source><![CDATA[Jurisprudence  the Essentials of the Islamic Law]]></dc:source>
		</ags:resource>
<ags:resource>
					<dc:title><![CDATA[A Survey of the Right to Abrogation Caused
by Breach of Contract in Time Obligations]]></dc:title>
					<dc:creator>
					<ags:creatorPersonal><![CDATA[Ranjbar, Reza]]></ags:creatorPersonal>

			</dc:creator>
			<dc:publisher>
				<ags:publisherName><![CDATA[University of Tehran]]></ags:publisherName>
			</dc:publisher>
			<dc:date><dcterms:dateIssued><![CDATA[2013]]></dcterms:dateIssued></dc:date>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[obligee]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[obligor]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[Contract]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[time contract]]></dc:subject>
			<dc:description>
				<ags:descriptionNotes><![CDATA[Includes references]]></ags:descriptionNotes>
				<dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Observation of principle of irrevocability of contracts, thatof rights of obligor and obligee, and consideration of thelatter’s real intention in mentioning the time in thecontract are among points to be taken into consideration intime obligations. Although fulfillment of contracts isamong causes of legal schools and the Quranic verse“Fulfill the contracts” (5:1) emphasizes that, in somecases, such as one part’s breach of contract and obligation,to grant the other part the right to the abrogation is animportant means of actualization of justice. Consideringthat, should it certainly become clear that the obligorcannot fulfill his obligation in the remaining time and, inother words, should waiting for the remaining time be invain first, and should such waiting cause harm to theobligee secondly, one could believe in the right toabrogation for the obligee on the basis of such undeniableprinciples as “there is no harm in Islam,” negation ofhardship, and the conduct of the wise – although theremaining time not being expired and that being againstIranian courts jurisprudence.]]></dcterms:abstract>
			</dc:description>
            <dc:identifier scheme="dcterms:URI"><![CDATA[https://jjfil.ut.ac.ir/article_35387.html]]></dc:identifier>
			<dc:identifier scheme="ags:DOI"><![CDATA[10.22059/jjfil.2013.35387]]></dc:identifier>
			<dc:type><![CDATA[Journal Article]]></dc:type>
			<dc:format><dcterms:medium><![CDATA[text]]></dcterms:medium></dc:format>
			<dc:language><![CDATA[فارسی]]></dc:language>
			<dc:source><![CDATA[https://jjfil.ut.ac.ir/]]></dc:source>
			<dc:source><![CDATA[Jurisprudence  the Essentials of the Islamic Law]]></dc:source>
		</ags:resource>
<ags:resource>
					<dc:title><![CDATA[Validity of Appearances of Qur’anic verses from
Akhbaris’ Viewpoint]]></dc:title>
					<dc:creator>
					<ags:creatorPersonal><![CDATA[Shahroudi, Mohammadreza]]></ags:creatorPersonal>

			</dc:creator>
			<dc:publisher>
				<ags:publisherName><![CDATA[University of Tehran]]></ags:publisherName>
			</dc:publisher>
			<dc:date><dcterms:dateIssued><![CDATA[2013]]></dcterms:dateIssued></dc:date>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[The Holy Qur&rsquo;an]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[appearances]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[Authority]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[Hadith]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[Usulis]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[Akhbaris]]></dc:subject>
			<dc:description>
				<ags:descriptionNotes><![CDATA[Includes references]]></ags:descriptionNotes>
				<dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[As a branch of Shi‘a jurists, Akhbaris disagree theirmajority on the validity of some sources of inferring aswell as ways of understanding divine precepts, amongwhich being discrediting ordinary people’s (i.e., other thanthe infallible-innocent personalities’) understanding ofappearances of the Qur’an. Their opinion is based on twobases: hadiths they claim they are massively reported andare apparent in the lack of authority of appearances of theQur’an, and occurrence of restriction and qualification aswell as figurative usage in the appearances of majority ofQur’anic verses in such a way that they discredits them.Contemplation upon works and views of Akhbaris,however, indicates that such opinion is not held by all ofthem. On the contrary, they believe in the priority of theBook over other proofs as well as necessity of conformityof other proofs with the Book; and this is the best proofthat majority of Akhbaris, like Usulis, believe in thepriority of appearances of the Qur’an before considerationof hadiths. The present essay attempts to gather andcriticize all Akhbaris’ proofs in this connection.]]></dcterms:abstract>
			</dc:description>
            <dc:identifier scheme="dcterms:URI"><![CDATA[https://jjfil.ut.ac.ir/article_35388_da9eaf59bbd15eb36598898f96f01811.pdf]]></dc:identifier>
			<dc:identifier scheme="ags:DOI"><![CDATA[10.22059/jjfil.2013.35388]]></dc:identifier>
			<dc:type><![CDATA[Journal Article]]></dc:type>
			<dc:format><dcterms:medium><![CDATA[text]]></dcterms:medium></dc:format>
			<dc:language><![CDATA[فارسی]]></dc:language>
			<dc:source><![CDATA[https://jjfil.ut.ac.ir/]]></dc:source>
			<dc:source><![CDATA[Jurisprudence  the Essentials of the Islamic Law]]></dc:source>
		</ags:resource>
<ags:resource>
					<dc:title><![CDATA[Criticism of Opinion of Consideration of Commonness
of Horizon in Proving Commencement of Lunar Month]]></dc:title>
					<dc:creator>
					<ags:creatorPersonal><![CDATA[Faize Esfahani, Sayyedeh Mahdiyyeh]]></ags:creatorPersonal>

			</dc:creator>
			<dc:publisher>
				<ags:publisherName><![CDATA[University of Tehran]]></ags:publisherName>
			</dc:publisher>
			<dc:date><dcterms:dateIssued><![CDATA[2013]]></dcterms:dateIssued></dc:date>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[testimonial evi-dence (bayyina)]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[observation of moon]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[lunar month]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[commonness of horizon]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[difference of
horizon]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[closeness]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[farness]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[unity of horizons]]></dc:subject>
			<dc:description>
				<ags:descriptionNotes><![CDATA[Includes references]]></ags:descriptionNotes>
				<dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[According to Islamic hadiths, one way of provingcommencement of lunar month is testimonial evidence(bayyina). It should be discussed in this connection that if somerighteous-trustworthy evidence saw the moon in one region, towhat spatial extent would their testimony be acceptable? Is itthe whole earth or some part of it? Mantuq of hadiths on fastingare restricted by no spatial condition of authority of testimonialevidence of observing moon; that is why they are lexicallyabsolute-although they have no absoluteness of the position inthis connection due to sphericity of the earth and it cannot beaccepted that lunar month could commence simultaneously inthe whole world. That is why one should look for some criteriaamong hadiths for division of regions in proving the new moon.Shi‘a jurists mostly hold that one can take testimony of thetestimonial evidence if the horizon is the same or it is close towhere the moon is observed; otherwise, observation of eyewitness would not be sufficient. Their chief reason for theirclaim is diversion (insiraf) of hadiths. The truth, however, isthat such diversion is not realized and therefore that claim is notacceptable, because of lack of traditional support as well as notpresenting any precise criteria for closeness and farness in theirverdicts. That is why one should look for another criterion forsuch division.]]></dcterms:abstract>
			</dc:description>
            <dc:identifier scheme="dcterms:URI"><![CDATA[https://jjfil.ut.ac.ir/article_35389_de62db39eb89a09cce99677ebc866fba.pdf]]></dc:identifier>
			<dc:identifier scheme="ags:DOI"><![CDATA[10.22059/jjfil.2013.35389]]></dc:identifier>
			<dc:type><![CDATA[Journal Article]]></dc:type>
			<dc:format><dcterms:medium><![CDATA[text]]></dcterms:medium></dc:format>
			<dc:language><![CDATA[فارسی]]></dc:language>
			<dc:source><![CDATA[https://jjfil.ut.ac.ir/]]></dc:source>
			<dc:source><![CDATA[Jurisprudence  the Essentials of the Islamic Law]]></dc:source>
		</ags:resource>
<ags:resource>
					<dc:title><![CDATA[Criticism of Opinion of Obligation of Belatedly
Performing of Missed Acts of Worship upon the Elder
Son and Its relation with primogeniture (habwa)]]></dc:title>
					<dc:creator>
					<ags:creatorPersonal><![CDATA[Kimia, Amir]]></ags:creatorPersonal>

			</dc:creator>
			<dc:publisher>
				<ags:publisherName><![CDATA[University of Tehran]]></ags:publisherName>
			</dc:publisher>
			<dc:date><dcterms:dateIssued><![CDATA[2013]]></dcterms:dateIssued></dc:date>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[habwa]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[Inheritance]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[deceased person]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[eldest son]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[missed
acts of worship]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[Duty]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[right]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[countervalue]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[Condition]]></dc:subject>
			<dc:description>
				<ags:descriptionNotes><![CDATA[Includes references]]></ags:descriptionNotes>
				<dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[The right to habwa and peculiarity of some part ofproperties of the deceased person to his eldest songratuitously, which prevents other heirs from that part, iscriticized by some and caused some jurists to present someopinions announcing negation of habwa being gratuitous.One of such opinions grants the eldest son the right tohabwa in return for belatedly performing of missed acts ofworship and not being gratuitous. However, proofs ofobligation of belatedly performing of missed acts ofworship of deceased person suffer from weakness in boththe chain of transmitters and the content. It should benoted that should their weakness be ignored and obligationbe proved, there would still be no mutual implicationbetween observing that obligation and receiving habwa.]]></dcterms:abstract>
			</dc:description>
            <dc:identifier scheme="dcterms:URI"><![CDATA[https://jjfil.ut.ac.ir/article_35390_f0474a3e0e7e6119aa91e6270356e60f.pdf]]></dc:identifier>
			<dc:identifier scheme="ags:DOI"><![CDATA[10.22059/jjfil.2013.35390]]></dc:identifier>
			<dc:type><![CDATA[Journal Article]]></dc:type>
			<dc:format><dcterms:medium><![CDATA[text]]></dcterms:medium></dc:format>
			<dc:language><![CDATA[فارسی]]></dc:language>
			<dc:source><![CDATA[https://jjfil.ut.ac.ir/]]></dc:source>
			<dc:source><![CDATA[Jurisprudence  the Essentials of the Islamic Law]]></dc:source>
		</ags:resource>
<ags:resource>
					<dc:title><![CDATA[Woman’s Leaving Home and Permission
of the Spouse from Shiite Jurisprudence perspective]]></dc:title>
					<dc:creator>
					<ags:creatorPersonal><![CDATA[Najafi, Zainol’abedin]]></ags:creatorPersonal>

			</dc:creator>
			<dc:publisher>
				<ags:publisherName><![CDATA[University of Tehran]]></ags:publisherName>
			</dc:publisher>
			<dc:date><dcterms:dateIssued><![CDATA[2013]]></dcterms:dateIssued></dc:date>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[woman’s leaving home]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[permission of the spouse]]></dc:subject>
				<dc:subject><![CDATA[spouse’s matrimonial right]]></dc:subject>
			<dc:description>
				<ags:descriptionNotes><![CDATA[Includes references]]></ags:descriptionNotes>
				<dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Majority of Shi‘a jurists believe in the absoluteunlawfulness of woman’s leaving home withoutpermission of the spouse unless for mandatory duties.Following majority’s opinion, a good number of lawyershave maintained that woman’s leaving home withoutpermission of the spouse for any purpose is not allowed.In the present essay, proofs concerning this problem,including Qur’anic verses, hadiths, and principles, aresurveyed and it is thereby proved that conventional exitwithout spouse’s permission, conditional upon observingspouse’s matrimonial right, is lawful.]]></dcterms:abstract>
			</dc:description>
            <dc:identifier scheme="dcterms:URI"><![CDATA[https://jjfil.ut.ac.ir/article_35391_b2b3edc67d7a706c54354c9f0d901032.pdf]]></dc:identifier>
			<dc:identifier scheme="ags:DOI"><![CDATA[10.22059/jjfil.2013.35391]]></dc:identifier>
			<dc:type><![CDATA[Journal Article]]></dc:type>
			<dc:format><dcterms:medium><![CDATA[text]]></dcterms:medium></dc:format>
			<dc:language><![CDATA[فارسی]]></dc:language>
			<dc:source><![CDATA[https://jjfil.ut.ac.ir/]]></dc:source>
			<dc:source><![CDATA[Jurisprudence  the Essentials of the Islamic Law]]></dc:source>
		</ags:resource>

</ags:resources>